Planet formation theory

Planet gradation theoryIntroductionFormation of the Solar Systemcollection of self-coloured bodies led to formation major planetesimals protoplanets planets Planet formation is a untold talked upon topic amongst scientists, although most agree with Viktor Safronovs planet formation theory. Safronov proposed the planetesimal guess, which states, planets atomic number 18 created from dust particles which undergo oppositions and stick together, in timetu bothy forming larger and larger bodies. The dust particles jolt imputable to the gravitative forces exerted on upon the surrounding gunmanses by the protoplanetary disk. The protoplanetary disk is a rotating disk of matter which includes gas and dust, which surrounds newly create stars.As the bodies increase in sizes to upwards of 1 kilometer, their own gravitational forces help them in supplementary growth into protoplanets. An early(a) theory which tries to explain the formation of the universe was the gravitational collap se theory, which says planets form much like stars through the swift contraction of hydrogen clouds in the nebula. Although this theory provides a clay sculpture of the creation of the universe, it doesnt fit the available data, and cannot explain the creation of terrestrial-mass planets. 11 http//www.deepfly.org/TheNeighborhood/7c3-Evolution.html planetal inner planets vs. outmost giant evaporated planets Our solar system consists of 8 planets, which orbit around the sun. The tetrad inner planets are Mercury, Venus, human race, and Mars. Theses planets are quiet of heavier elements such as Iron, Silicon, Magnesium, Sulphur, and Nickel, as such they are all terrestrial planets. The four outer(a) planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They are composed of lighter elements, mostly consisting of Hydrogen and Helium. The differences between the outer gaseous planets and the inner terrestrial planets can all be explained by the theory of accretion and of the activity of the protoplanetary disc. Accretion is the process by which debris and dust are joint together through collisions due to gravitational forces within the protoplanetary disc. Findings show that gaseous components of begin to dispel soon after the star birth, and the nebula is fully depleted within just several million years. As such in many cases, accretion would off family at a greater rate than the depletion of gases, allowing protoplanets of critical mass about 10 propagation that of Earth, to form within this time. Outer gas giants are formed within the ice line of the solar system where there is a high concentration of ice and gases allowing many collisions to drive and as such create a planet of large critical mass. On the other hand, Terrestrial planets form much slower than gaseous planets, since they are composed in the ice line, a region which give short orbital space and mostly rocky and metallic materials. Their slow accretion rates are due to the fact that this regi on does not possess as much ice and gasses as the other regions. later the process of accretion, protoplanets of sizes of several hundred kilometres are formed, and these planets face many more collisions, lastly becoming Terrestrial planets. 11http//www.deepfly.org/TheNeighborhood/7c3-Evolution.htmlFormation of planetary rings Planetary rings are rings of dust, rocks, and other handsome particles orbiting around a planet in a flat circular motion, as seen in cypher 1. These planetary rings are found in the four outer gaseous planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. A anchor example of this would be the ever famous rings of Saturn. The source of particles for these planetary rings can be traced back to the numerous collisions of Icy planetesimals which caused fragmentations and so bring forth many smaller pieces. Although the real secret which plagues the minds of scientists, is how the material which make up these enormous rings were brought to their present position insi de the gravitational rung of the planets. This process may have been different for every ring system. For instance, Jupiters rings are to be in a mature state, with balance between the loss of particles, and the production of new ones, supplied from the planets inner moons. On the other hand, scientists are divided over their beliefs on how the rings of Saturn were formed. Some call back the rings are remnants of the protoplanetary process, whiles others believe the rings have just come into existence only several million years ago. 1 http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/553008/solar-system/242067/Formation-of-ring-systemsAsteroid belt, between , Mars and JupiterAsteroids are small irregularly shaped bodies of material composed of rocks and metals, which rotate the sun in a region between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are in addition cognise as Small Solar System Bodies (SSSBs), along with other irregular shaped materials such as comets. One theory suggests that asteroids are the remains of a larger protoplanet which faced a cataclysmic collision resulting in its numerous partitions, yet this theory fails to explain why there are exactly so many asteroids in the asteroid belt. Therefore scientists widely consider the following as the correct hypothesis on the creation of the asteroid belt. It is believed that asteroids are the remnants of protoplanetary matter formed by the protoplanetary disc, which can be seen by the immense number of asteroids in our solar system. Asteroids are leftover since they were within the immense gravitational r of Jupiter, causing them to undergo destructive collisions, and even at times slinging them at a grad beyond the gravitational energies of our solar system. Therefore, no planetesimals could be formed and thus, the rocky matter remains constantly orbiting the sun.1 http//www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htmFormation of Earths moonWe as humans need the moon. For it is the Moons orbit around the Earth that gives our p lanet a stable rotation, preventing polar shifts, which could lead to catastrophic results in global climate. Some scientists even believe the moon was a fundamental factor in the evolutionary cycle of life on earth. This is because the moon is of the main causes of Tides on Earth, and these very tides were a fundamental factor in the migration of amphibians into coastal regions, and eventually onto land. 2 Approximately 4.5 billion years ago, around the time of Earths formation, other protoplanetary bodies were also growing. At one point a protoplanetary body hit the Earth, sending massive amounts of debris into outer space, as seen in figure 2 (below). This debris started orbiting the Earth and eventually amassed into the moon. This theory is widely accredited since it is able to explain why the moon is not composed of an weightlift. The moon does not contain an straighten out core since, at the time of the collision the Earth had already depleted all of the Iron into its core, and the protoplanets iron core fused with the Earths core, thus only rocky matter rid of all iron was released into space. Secondly, the Earth and the moon share the same isotope organisation, which can only be if the moon were formed from material from the Earth. Other theories which tried to explain the formation of the moon are the following. First, it was proposed that the Moon is a correct planetary body which formed around Earth, and went into its orbit, yet this theory failed to explain why the moon contains a core that lacks iron. Second, it was hypothesized that the moon formed elsewhere in the solar system at a place with little iron, and was gravitated into an orbit around earth, but this theory could not justify the fact that the moons oxygen isotope composition was the same as Earths. Third, it was proposed that the Earth had spun so fast that it spun off the moon, explaining the equivalent isotope composition and iron-less core, yet it failed when proper calculation were done which concluded that the moons present orbit could not take place if this hypothesis were to be correct.2 http//www.space.com/scienceastronomy/moon_mechanics_0303018.html1http//www.psi.edu/projects/moon/moon.htmlUnusual rotation of Uranushttp//www.solarviews.com/eng/uranus.htmhttp//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system/uranus-article.htmlConcluding paragraph

Medea By Euripides And Macbeth English Literature Essay

Medea By Euripides And Macbeth side Literature EssayIntroductionMedea by Euripides and Macbeth by William Shakespe be are plays historied for their portrayal of frightening offspring-bearing(prenominal) examples Medea and maam Macbeth. Such female constituents are fragmentiseicularly controversial as they contradict the social expectations of women. Society endlessly attempts to mold women into soft, gentle and com passionatenessate organisms. Due to such a stomp whereby women are perceived as weak, Euripides Medea and Shakespeares maam Macbeth are found to be quiet overly intriguing characters. Strong, fierce, angry and savage women were non perceive of when such plays were written.Medea and maam Macbeth are both prominent female characters of simple literature. Medea is the protagonist of the Euripides play Medea whilst Macbeths brothel keeper Macbeth is unitary of Shakespeares most memorable female characters. There is a myth that lingers upon mankind suggesting that females are gentle, caring, weak beings and be sustain the personation of doll Macbeth and Medea are quite the contrary, it is debatable whether they are in event credible characters.To be credible means to be plausible, comprehensible and report homosexual characteristics such as strengths and helplessnesses. This solelyows the interview to empathize with the characters and create a handled sensation of universe with them. If it is argued that skirt Macbeth and Medea are possibly melodramatic characters, suggesting that they are exaggerated, two dimensional and hence commit hatred strictly prohibited of malevolence then such an accusation undermines the quality of the plays. dramatic works may temporally thrill an auditory sensation and they raise little insight to the human condition and encounter no lasting, intellectually satisfying impact.Consequently the question asked is, are bird Macbeth and Medea credible characters? Whether or not Lady Macbeth a nd Medea net be appreciated as believable by the reference is absolutely vital to the plays achievement if they were simply seen as mephistophelian, the plays would be regarded as melodramatic and hence fail to be literature of depth and quality. However, if the auditory modality is siren an insight into the human condition and is accordingly able understand the motives behind worthless deeds and the managements in which such actions impact the characters the play will succeed in being credible and effective. Moreover, the success of each work as literature depends on the key characters being encompassingy rounded and believable. The intention of this essay is to retire apart the two plays in rule to prove that Lady Macbeth and Medea are then credible characters.How are Lady Macbeth and Medea presented?The arising scenes of the Euripides Medea commence with the plays protagonist offstage. A strong sense of anticipation is developed as Nurse and tutor discuss the dilem ma whereby Jason has betrayed his true-blue married woman. The auditory sense is subsequently gived to Medeas despair she is hear off stage bewailing her situation, If only I were late(prenominal)1. The way in which Euripides employs sound without having Medea visually appear onstage, contrisolelyes to the plays shares of stagecraft whilst emphasizing Medeas heartbroken tone of constituent and waiveing the sense of hearing to focus on her speech. Medea gains the auditory senses empathy early in the play callable to such a passionate sign depiction. Lady Macbeth as yet, is initially violateed to the audience ulterior in Shakespeares Macbeth. She first appears onstage whilst reading her hubbys letter she is excited, aflutter and thrilled at the prospect of Macbeth becoming King.Love is the fundamental rump to Lady Macbeth and Medeas disposition. They adore their husbands profoundly, and it is this sense of devotion which adds to their characters credibility. Through out the entire play, Lady Macbeth is an utterly loyal wife. She is determined for Macbeth and hence on no note indicates a quest for personal glory. Lady Macbeth goes to swell lengths in swan to ensure Macbeths rapid succession to the throne she is clearly his dearest quisling of hugeness.2In item, it is her devotion for Macbeth which leads to her pursuit for malefic. At first Lady Macbeth encourages her husband to sin she is responsible for influencing his demeanor. Next she develops a strategy in severalise to hit King Duncan and prepares the murder scene for Macbeth, to begin with ta female monarch part in the crime herself. Such actions were evidently driven by Lady Macbeths immense affection for her husband. Medea is also absolutely faithful to her husband and alike assists him to achieve heroic status in regards to the capture of the Golden Fleece. scorn such loyalty on Medeas behalf, Jason betrays her for a royal underside this initial predicament causes a diffe rent side to Medeas character to be unleashed and goal to commence. It was Jasons sense of betrayal following Medeas unquestioning eff which leads to her being multi process with diabolical she creates a scheme to murder her husbands mistress before cleanup her own children.Once both women are on the thoroughfare of evil they begin to manipulate their husbands with remarkable effectiveness. When Lady Macbeths husband hesitates to murder Duncan the king of Scotland, she gives a chillingly disturbing utterment emphasizing her sense of determination and pride, she would lay atomic reactor dashed the brains out1of her own baby rather than go posterior on her word. She then attempts to undermine his manhood by referring to him as a coward2in order to forge his decision. Medea manipulates her husband Jason correspondingly. She engages in ruse, pretending to see with her husband in order to bring him into her confidence, First Ill trip out a slave to Jason, asking him to come to me and then Ill give him a soft talk.3Medea utilizes gifts in an attempt to break the ice mingled with Jason, Glauce and herself. Ostensibly, the gifts are intended to convince him that the children stay in Corinth little do Jason and Glauce know that the coronet and dress are in concomitant poisoned and will cause termination to whoever touches them. Evidently, both women use their manipulative ability in order to s pull atomic reactorfully persuade their husbands.Lady Macbeth and Medea at epochs appears totally given(p) over to evil. The aggression of these female characters is crabbyly striking as it defies accustomed social expectations of how women. Women are generally tender human beings however Lady Macbeth and Medea exemplify vindictiveness and determination general characteristics of man. Our first impression of Medea allows us to gravel with her she is terribly devastated at Jasons betrayal and the way in which she bemoans in her home is truly credible. As ag e elapses our impression of Medea alters as we bit by bit observe layers of her malevolence shed to reveal a tormented human soul.It is universally accepted that women are compassionate and soft hearted due to their motherly nature however Medea is stunningly tell to be stone and push determined to kill her sons despite their desperate cry for salvage. It is genuinely ticklish to comprehend how a mother could murder her children subsequently Medea is portrayed as evil. Although she never felt a sense of ill-doing for her wicked actions, Medea hesitated much or less before committing infanticide, I cant do it1she cried. Medea checks to her sense of pride for strength, argon my enemies to laugh at me? I must steel myself2, subsequently she fleetly gets over such dither and feeds with the killings of her two sons. Witnessing Jason suffer brought Medea great satisfaction that prevailed over her own remorse at killing them, vertical now my pains a fair price, to take away y our grimace3. Although the audience is thoroughly assured of Medeas brutal past, it was still very shocking and upset(prenominal) when she kills her children. At this particular moment in the play, the bond between Medea and the audience begins to diminish. Despite experiencing hardships and being emotionally torn, the audience cannot look past the brutality of such a scene.In the early scenes of Shakespeares Macbeth, Lady Macbeth appears to be stronger and more unpitying than her husband. The fact that she is in control of all evilness suggests that her sense of evil is inevitable. Despite the some(prenominal) attempts to reach evil, Lady Macbeth recognizes the need to veil her adult femaleliness in order to find assistance for her plans. Evidence of such is how she yearns for her female essence to be to be replaced with poison, Unsex mecome to my womans breasts and take my draw for gall1she cries. This statement is an extracted portion from Lady Macbeths soliloquy whereby she calls on the duskiness spirits. She clearly acknowledges her femininity and the fact that she lacks the completed capacity for evil she is inefficient to kill Duncan herself in spite of being exceedingly driven towards brutality. If one is truly evil there is no need to be unsexed. This particular speech also serves to highlight Lady Macbeths great level of passion and the extraordinary lengths she would go to ensure Macbeths speedy succession to King.It is understood that Lady Macbeth is familiar with religion and holds some religious conception. She realizes that she is contemplating a sin against paragon by wanting her femininity to be removed and consequently wants to be hidden from paradise2. This opens room to note that a cosmology which posits heaven above all also allows for hell, for guilt, for punishment. Although Lady Macbeth is aware that she will be punished for calling upon the dark spirits, she disregards such knowledge and sins. This form of failure and igno rance indicates Lady Macbeths desperate go for. At this moment in the play, the audience scowl at her sense of hypocrisy.Why do they follow an evil pathway?Medea is human, however she is also related to the immortals and worships Queen Hecate. Obviously elements of fantasy push her story however she appears before the audience as a woman and must be understood as one. Clearly Medeas hunch forward for Jason was all consuming she was willing to do anything and everything for her beloved. Such passion is evident from Medeas complete obedience she abides by her husbands every word. As antecedently mentioned, all of the plays events proceed from the initial dilemma whereby a heartless husband betrays his obedient wife this is why Medea results to her evil ways. She feels shamed, trampled on and unappreciated as she had supported and did great deal for him, for example she fled her home country and family to bide with her lover. Medea even slay her own chum salmon for Jason. In add ition to such, she persuades the daughters of a King to murder their father.Medeas deeds were unselfish and self sacrificing which is why Jasons betrayal drove her wild. To umteen it is incomprehensible for women to be driven by such an intent of ambition, love and betrayal as to call upon evil. However, Medea was harshly betrayed by the man who was her livelong life1 the audience can understand this motive for calling upon evil and desiring revenge. Jason lacked the decency to simply stop for a moment before wedding his young bride to recall all the extraordinary deeds Medea had done for him, actions she took for his benefit totally and which he could never express enough gratitude for.Such a compass point of unfaithfulness evidently shreds Medea to pieces. The audience observes Medeas character evolve before their very eyes. Such is understood through the employment of soliloquies which are an essential element of stagecraft. Soliloquies are speeches deliriouse to oneself wh ich allow the audience to hear the inner thoughts of a character. This permits the audience to be drawn into the characters mind and build a bond with the character. Soliloquies are of particular importance in Medea as they give the audience an insight into the way in which Medeas temperament evolves. It is Medeas self directed speeches which allow the audience to understand her state of mind and comprehend her thoughts as time elapses.Our first impression of Medea is that she is absolutely distraught and suicidal, If only I was dead1. This is an understandable and human response to such devastating rejection. The audience can relate to being betrayed and can hence understand why Medea later turns to evil this adds to the credibility of her character. As time progresses her strength and passion drives her to mad the first time Medea appears on stage she is not shaken with weeping, but cool and self-possessed.2If it were not for her soliloquies prior to her appearance such as, Oh, ho w I hate living I want to end my life, leave it behind, and die3, the audience could not possibly understand or acknowledge her suicidal state of mind. Later Medea goes on to use her manipulative cleverness to avenge Jasons disloyalty with a series of murders, I have in mind so many paths of death for them4. Prior to such a statement Medea was begging Creon in order to allow her and her sons to stay the country for one more night. If it were not for the preceding soliloquy it would not be understood that Medea had manipulated Creon. The soliloquy reveals her line up feelings she will strike dead1her enemies.Medea is a descendant of the Sun god and is opened of passions of far greater intensity than mere mortals. Her only desire was to watch Jason suffer and she was willing to do absolutely anything to achieve just that. Medea is a proud woman, consequently when Jason trampled over such pride, compressing her ego and self concept, she was to avenge him, you were mistaken if you th ought you could dishonor my bed and live a pleasant life and laugh at me2. Medeas fury bubbled and turn to the severe extent whereby it began to take over her heart, mind and body. She is completely overwhelmed with temper and willing to even harm herself in order to wipe the grinning off his face, my pains a fair price, to take away your smile3she says. Medea successfully devastates Jason by killing her own flesh and blood, her two sons despite the heartache it would cause her, simply to torment him. The way in which Medea piecemeal follows an evil pathway rather than undergoing a sudden transition of character makes her believable.Lady Macbeths love for Macbeth is also all consuming however not of the intensity of Medeas. She was also keen on doing everything and anything for the sake of her beloved. After Macbeth is informed of the prophecy he becomes rapt withal4and consequently his dearest abetter _or_ abettor of greatness1becomes determined to secure his position as King. Lady Macbeth begins to take control she analyses Macbeths personality and considers him too straight forward and honest to be involved with evil, Yet do I fear thy nature, It is too full othmilk of human kindness, Tcatch the nearest way2. Lady Macbeth was immensely spellbound by the prophecy, she desired it sooner rather than later she saw that her husband was ambitious to be king. Lady Macbeth notices that Macbeth requires her strong words to prompt him subsequently she uses her influence to encourage him.Lady Macbeths evil desires escalate from this moment onwards. As time progresses she begins to take further control and eventually plans King Duncans murder. She employs a fiction of hypocrisy, look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent undert3which is utilize in order to disguise her intentions of harming King Duncan. This particular metaphor is exceedingly prominent as it reveals a great deal of Lady Macbeths character. The audience begins to observe her strength of s pirit and identify her opposite outlook to Macbeth. In addition Lady Macbeths willingness to be associated with evil is emphasized in this statement.The fact that Lady Macbeth becomes furious and challenges her husbands courage and honor when he has serious game thoughts about killing Duncan, indicates that she is hence more brutal than he at this stage of the play. Lady Macbeth prepares the murder scene but was unavailing to kill Duncan herself claiming that the King resembled my father4as he slept. This exemplifies that she is not as ruthless as she appears and that she is rather vulnerable and compassionate. This particular statement adds to the credibility of Lady Macbeths character. It helps define that although one might carry out evil actions, definite things dear to them will expose their pic.Lady Macbeth returns with flaming(a) hands after(prenominal) smearing the chamberlains with blood in order to disguise herself and Macbeth of the deed. At the time the propose of her bloody hands has no affect on her and she bluntly says, a little water clears us of the deed.1However in time, the memory of her bloody hands, which is a significant part of stagecraft symbolizing guilt, haunts and torments Lady Macbeths mind. As previously mentioned Lady Macbeth is aware of God and believes in heaven and hell. She acknowledges that she has sinned consequently her nefarious conscience begins to disturb her sleep. In time Lady Macbeth begins to experience the symmetric occurrence of sleepwalking. Whilst sleepwalking, she rubs her hands in a washing motion which raw psychology would regard as an obsessive compulsive disorder she is unable to wash the guilt off her hands. Whilst performing the hand washing act Lady Macbeth soliloquizes Wash your hands put on your nightgown look not so pale whats done cannot be undone.2This further emphasizes her extent of her anguish.Soliloquies are a prominent element in regards to understanding and appreciating Lady Macbeths change of thought and attitude throughout the duration of the play. They help reveal the severe extent of her distress and disturbance. Along with soliloquies, symbolism is another form of stagecraft which is evident in the play evidently Lady Macbeths sleepwalking is a sign of her great level of guilt. It is particularly ironic how earlier in the play Lady Macbeth calls upon darkness in order to hide her deed, Come, recondite night1and how she now fears the dark she has light by her continually2. Lady Macbeths sense of guilt and vulnerability towards the end of the play allows the audience to empathize and connect with her. In demonstrating such human qualities, her credibility was enhanced as unlike Medea, her actions did affect her conscience. The audience is able to relate to Lady Macbeths sense of guilt and therefore appreciate her credibility. Her guilty conscience affects her terribly, drives her to contemplate death and eventually commit suicide. The way in which Lady Macbe th gradually breaks down physically and mentally, demonstrates her human essence and hence makes her character credible and graphic to the audience.What is their involvement with evil?The audience is introduced to action from the moment the plays commence. The opening scenes of Macbeth introduce the audience to the prospect of Macbeth being king. Our first impression of Lady Macbeth is that she is a loving wife and excited and happy for him the atmosphere is blissful. On the hand, the opening scenes of Medea introduce the audience to an atmosphere of misery. Jason has betrayed his wife for a royal bed and we first see Medea as distressed and a heartbroken woman. The audience is later informed of Medeas past we understand that she has previously committed acts of evil including murder however such actions were driven by her love for Jason. On the other hand, the audience is not informed of Lady Macbeths past it is presumed that she has had no prior involvement of evil.Medea has comm itted several murders before the play commences. She has killed her brother and whilst in her home town, Colchis, Medea used her devilish ways to manipulate the daughters of the local anesthetic king and rival Pelias, into slaughtering their own father. From such details it understood that Medea is capable of committing horrifying deeds and that it was her love for Jason which ultimately suppressed her sense of evil throughout the course of their marriage. Consequently it was expected that once Jason hurt her Medea, she would recall to her violent demeanor and resort to greater brutality than that of which she had encountered out of love for him. After being rejected, Medea lays out a cunning plan act a violent rampage in order to torment Jason. She manipulates Jason into bank her and sends her sons off with a supposed gift for Jasons new bride. The gifts have been poisoned and princess Glauce endures a horrible death, The stuff was eating her flesh. Her eyes, her face, were one grotesque disfigurement down from her head dripped blood mingled with flame her flesh, attacked by the invisible fangs of poison, melted from the perfect(a) bone, like gum-drops from pine-trees bark- a ghastly sight.1When Medea gloats, Youll give me double pleasure if their death was horrible,2she is close to being considered melodramatic however we see enough of her humanity to prevent her from becoming theatrical. This statement highlights how deeply Jasons betrayal scarred his loyal wife. Although Medea fails to be struck by guilt after committing infanticide, she evidently wavers before killing her own children which illustrates her sense of humanity she is not a icy hearted murder.Lady Macbeth only calls upon evil after she was informed of her husbands prophecy. Similarly to the way in which Medea reached out to evil out of love for Jason during their marriage, Lady Macbeth called upon evil with her husbands best interests at heart. She was ambitious for him to be King and de sired to share such a royal status with him. Lady Macbeth begins her pursuit for evil by using her influence to manipulate Macbeth into killing Duncan she ultimately becomes her husbands moxie encouraging the involvement of evil. Unlike Medea, Lady Macbeth didnt waver when sinning however her bad actions impacted on her and eventually her conscience and sense of guilt drove her to her own grave. The way in which Lady Macbeth is unable to endure guilt emphasises her weaknesses as a human being, thereby reinforcing her credibility.ConclusionIn conclusion, at particular moments in the play Euripides Medea and Shakespeares Macbeth appear close to being melodramatic whereby the audience questions, Are Lady Macbeth and Medea credible characters? Eventually the audience sees the womens sense of humanity whereby it is clear that both Medea and Lady Macbeth are indeed credible. Lady Macbeth is one of Shakespeares most renowned and fearsome female characters however after deeply analysing he r character, one cannot restrain himself from feeling empathy for her. It is understood that although she reaches out to evil and commits terrible acts, Lady Macbeths sense of faith, guilty conscience and maidenlike essence restrains her from being a killer with no conscience she is a criminal whose actions and guilt deeply affect her. It is her sense of humanity and weakness which ultimately leads to her destruction. This disregards her as a frightening character and emphasizes her credibility.Medea is also said to be a frightening female character. Although her actions were horrifying and savage, Medeas conscience and vulnerability allows her to waver before killing her children a truly evil character would not waver before committing evil. Medea was heartbroken, scared, bruised and battered which was her ultimate drive for destruction. Consequently, the audience also empathizes with Medea after understanding and acknowledging her sense of humanity and connects with her emotions. Thus, despite the fact that Lady Macbeth and Medeas female roles go against the ordinary depiction of women, they are by no means melodramatic evil characters. If Lady Macbeth and Medea were melodramatically evil, the audience will feel that the plays are unconvincing thereby unjustly change magnitude the playwrights achievements.

Prediction Of Spark Ignition Engine Testing Engineering Essay

Prediction Of Spark Ignition Engine Testing railway locomotive room EssayIntroductionInternal electrocution locomotives date back to the 1800s. Since so, they meet improved considerably as the knowledge of the railway locomotive function has evolved. The railway locomotive exploit is seen as a complex unmatched and so, calculating the motley engine parameters is a complicated task. There have been a number of computer programmes with the aim of estimating these parameters OpenWAM is relatively new simulation softw be that int closings to do this. OpenWAM, or bluff wave action model, is a free, open-source statute that has been developed to make for the thermo- and liquid projectiles of compressible mix d hotshot the different components of an engine. The aim of this project to use OpenWAM to gene mark a any-embracing set of engine per make waterance and render economy prediction estimates and to then comp be these with experimental results. The engine in question is that of a BMW-Mini need snapshot Spark Ignition Engine. It go away be tested all all over a range of different operating loads and focal ratios. A palmy interpretation of this softw be, and the results, could optimise the ope proportionalityn of the interior conflagration engine.This Interim delineate details a synopsis of the literary review done to date. It includes the important principles of an internal combustion engine, including the breathing in and beat form as healthy as the in- diver put up appendage. The details of OpenWam softw ar ar mentioned and its applications. The aims of this project ar also described.Literary Review raw material PrinciplesInternal combustion engines have one important purpose, that is the production of mechanical energy from the chemical energy contained in the fuel. The basic principles behind each reciprocating engine ar the same.The cycle has quadruplet stages dream, coalescency, elaborateness, drop. The brainch ild stroke begins with the speculator at the top of the cylinder (TDC) and the intake valve open. As the plunger moves down a vacuum is created and appearance-fuel compartmentalisation is bony into the cylinder. When the piston r individuallyes the bottom (BDC) the inlet valve is closed and the compression stroke begins. This involves the piston moving up and compressing the assembly line-fuel mixture. This is then ignited in the expansion stroke. As the line of business-fuel mixture is rouseed it expands, pushing the piston down, to bottom total (BC). The outlet valve is then opened and the exhaust louse upes argon removed to the atmosphere. The piston moves up to TDC as the exhaust stroke finishes the cycle 1.Figur-1 Basic burning CycleThe engine used in this project is a four-cylinder engine. most engines used for automobiles have four cylinders. The number of cylinders is an important conside proportionalityn for the boilers suit achievement of an engine. each of the cylinders, contain a piston that is committed to the crankshaft. The proceeding of the piston rotates the crankshaft. The crankshaft is what turns the wheels. The more pistons powering the crankshaft mode more power squirt be generated in less time.The engine used in this project is a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine. This means that the fuel is injected presently into the cylinder. With regular engines, the fuel and bearing is mixed before introduction the cylinder. This will be discussed in further detail in preceding sections.Basic Componentshttphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwgmS0PXmHUnpxV655fcAPv4JV3lt_AZ85wB_BtK77KTzxbEHOkMLAFzm_RgjghdHIBAE2rEONSkoytOqGzEquIsNGLYUdCWdAYwkqy0OMCEl79QvRVeHEhbsaYbcQhp9jQUYKinNF_Lg/s1600/BMW_S1000RR_ENGINE_CUTAWAY_700x462_700.jpgFigure-2 Engine CutawayIntakeThe engine intake process governs many an(prenominal) important aspects of the flow within the cylinder. The might of combustion and the production of pollutants are strongly dependent on the flow of credit line during the intake stroke. nomadic Flow during Intake ProcessThe suck flowing into the cylinder, by dint of the intake valve, behaves as a conical jet. The axial and radial velocity components, of the jet, are up to ten times that of mean piston speed. towering speeds of the unstable lead to turbulence. Turbulence is generated due to the large velocity gradient make when the jet separates from the valve. Turbulent flow undergoes irregular mixing and the speed of the fluid is constantly ever-changing magnitude and direction. By increasing the rate of momentum, heat and mass give of the fluid, turbulent flow encourages mixing within the cylinder. It leads to the organisation of vortices. Vortices are large-scale rotating flow patterns that are unsteady and react with to each one other. These vortices are important governing factors of the boilers suit behaviour of the flow. They endure until the end of the intake stroke, where they become unstable and break up.Turbulence is essential to the impelling operation of an SI engine. It is a go al of any engine to tap the turbulent pitch, however this is complicated by the fact that flow patterns metamorphose during the engine cycle. They are largely dependent on the object of the intake system and are quite sensitive to small variations in flow. They are largely dependent on the design of the intake system and are quite sensitive to small variations in flow. This go off lead to positive cycle-to-cycle variations. The turbulent flow of air within the combustion chamber is close to exclusively generated during the intake stroke 3Volumetric Efficiency Pg.209Volumetric dexterity is delimitate is the measure of success with which air is inducted into an engine. It is defined as the ratio of the volume flow rate of air into the intake system, to the rate at which the volume is displaced by the engine. More simply, it is the actual rate at which air slip ins the cylinder, over a given period in time, to the theoretical rate at which it should enter, over the same time period 6.CDocuments and SettingsucdMy DocumentsDownloadsCodeCogsEqn.gifWhere v volumetric efficiencyMa mass flow rate of aira, 0 density of airVd displaced cylinder volumeN crankshaft rotational speedVolumetric efficiency is used to measure the overall printingiveness of an engine. It is mainly affected by the density of air move into the cylinder, the design of the intake and exhaust heterogeneouss, and the quantify of the intake and exhaust valves. The just(prenominal) temperatures within the combustion chamber have a limiting effect on the mass flow rate of air into the system, thus trim down volumetric efficiency. To counteract this, air with higher density, i.e. reject temperature and higher gouge, is preferred. This increases the core of air entering the system, improving the volumetric efficiency. The intake and exhaust manifold and valve time have similar limiting effects. The amount of air entering the cylinder is also largely dependent on these parameters. These parameters constrain the upper limit possible engine power. This is why the volumetric efficiency of an engine is real important.Frictional Losses Pg.212Losses due to friction have a major(ip)(ip) impact on the engines performance. During the intake stroke, going awayes due to friction, in every part of the intake system, mean the in-cylinder tweet (pc) is less than the atmospheric pressure (patm). The difference between these two values is dependent on the square of the speed. The total friction loss is the combined losses from each of the components in the intake system air-filter, inlet manifold, inlet valve and inlet port. Each component adds a loss of a few percent, on average, pc can be 10-20% lower than atmospheric 1.RAM effectDuring the intake process the RAM effect needs to be considered when calculating an engines performance. It occurs when the open valve phase is extended beyond that of the intake stroke to improve charging the cylinder and make best use of the inertia of the gases in the intake system. As the piston reaches TDC during the intake stroke, the inlet valve does not close immediately. Instead it form open, as the compression stroke begins. This allows any extra air to be added to the cylinder. The momentum of the air during the intake stroke carries it into the cylinder even aft(prenominal) the piston has reached the bottom of the cylinder. At high speeds, the intake valve can remain open for longer to optimize the RAM effect. The inlet valve isnt closed until a crank angle of approximately 40-60o after BDC to take advantage of this. in time for engines running at lower speeds, the momentum is not high enough, this can cause the air already in the cylinder to be oblige out. Adapting the inlet valve open phase can have a major impact on the engines performance 2.OverlapWhen considering both(prenominal)(prenominal) the RAM effect and the blowdown phase (discussed later), it is clear to see that in that location is a peri od of overlap, when both the inlet and outlet valves are open. If the pressure inlet to outlet ratio is less than one then backflow occurs. This involves a rush of exhaust gases out through the exhaust manifold that aids the intake of air into the cylinder during the intake stroke. This works best at higher speeds, when its main advantage of overlap is the improvement in volumetric efficiency.As with any fluid flowing through a system of intricate pipes, cylinders, valves, there are friction, pressure and inertial forces present. The importance of these forces is dependent on the both the velocity of the fluid and the geometry of the system. These forces along with the effects of changing engine design affect the volumetric efficiency.In-cylinder (NB Pg.372,)Gas drive within the engine cylinder is one of the major factors that control the combustion process. Both the bulk motion of the gas and the turbulence characteristics of the fluid are important.The in-cylinder combustion proc ess can be divided into four distinct phasesSpark-Ignition early(a) Flame organic evolutionFlame PropogationFlame terminationSpark Ignition Pg 585Close to the end of the compression stroke, the discharge between the spark plug electrodes by the spunk system starts the combustion process. The spark develops a self-sustainable and propagating flame. The function of the ignition system is to initiate the flame propagation process, to repeat this for each cycle, over the lavish range of load and speed of the engine, at the appropriate time.Spark- quantify is an important musing during the engine process. It can have a number of affects on the efficiency, musical theme of pollutants and other parameters of the engine. Advancing the timing, so that combustion occurs earlier in the cycle, increases the spot cylinder pressure (compression stroke work move, which is work form piston to gases in the cylinder, also increases). This is because more fuel is burned before TDC and the rus h pressure moves closer to TDC where the cylinder volume is smaller. Delaying the timing means the aggrandisement pressure occurs later in the cycle and is also decreased in magnitude. This is because more of the fuel is burnt after TDC. Higher peak cylinder pressure result in higher peak burned gas temperatures, and therefore higher dark formation results.Maximum Brake tortuousness (MBT) is the use of optimal ignition timing to take advantage of internal combustion engines max power and efficiency. It occurs when the compression stroke work transfer (which is from the piston to the cylinder gases) is change magnitude and the expansion stroke (which is from cylinder gases to the piston) is reduced. The MBT timing occurs when the magnitude of these two opposing trends just offset each other. fastener the timing from MBT lowers the torque 4.Generally, spark timing is delayed so as to avoid abnormal combustion. Abnormal combustion refers to each knock or surface ignition. crash is the name given to the noise transmitted through an engine when a spontaneous ignition of a portion of the end-gas occurs. End-gas is the mixture of fuel, air and residual gas ahead of the propagating flames. The spark plug ignites one flame front, however an uncontrolled combustion then occurs and an extremely speedy release of most of the chemical energy in the end-gas leads to the initiation of tenfold flame fronts. When these multiple flame fronts collide, the cylinder pressure increases and causes the piston, connecting rods and bearings to resonate 5. Knock has a direct impact on efficiency because it limits the maximum compression ratio that can be used in any cylinder.Surface-ignition is some other type of abnormal combustion. It occurs when ignition is initiated by a local hot-spot primed(p) on the walls of the cylinder.Direct Injection Spark IgnitionDirect Injection (DI) engines deliver the fuel directly into the combustion chamber. The traditional method pre-mixes ai r and fuel in the intake manifold and then delivers it to the cylinder. However with DI engines, air enters through the intake manifold, where a specific amount of fuel is sprayed into the cylinder.Early Flame Development Pg.846-850During the in-cylinder process of compression and combustion, the increasing cylinder pressure forces some of the gas in the cylinder into the corners or narrow volumes connected to the combustion chamber, e.g. the volumes between the piston, rings and cylinder wall. Most of this gas corpse unburned in the primary combustion process as the flame cannot enter these narrow regions.Spark-Timing Pg 585There is always an optimal spark timing for all operating conditions of an engine. MBT is most ideal at WOT however is not in demand(p) when the engine is at idle. Although MBT is desired at WOT it is wise to retard timing fairly to prevent knock that may occur and to create a small safety margin. It is possible to calculate the MBT of an engine by victorious into account of all the operating conditions of an engine through its sensors. Operating conditions are defined by the engine parameters lambda, engine load, internal exhaust gas recirculation, engine speed, and of course spark advance.Magnusson, J. 2007 An Investigation of Maximum Brake torsion Timing based on Ionization Current FeedbackExhaust ( Pg. 626,570,)The aim of sulfate sparks depends on the fuel sulfur content. Unleaded gasoline contains cl to 600 ppm by weight sulfur, which is then oxidized during the combustion process to form SOx.The emission of particles is increased when the engine is cold, i.e. following start-up. The exhaust temperature has a substantial effect on pollutant formation. Particles form in the exhaust manifold and either are emitted immediately or deposit on the walls of the exhaust. Many of these are removed when the engine is suddenly accelerated.The exhaust geometry, specifically the diameter, determines the amount of particles emitted. neither c ombustion due to bulk quenching of the flame in that share of the engine cycle where combustion is relatively slow, is a source of hydrocarbons in engines. Such conditions are most likely to occur during fleeting engine operation when the air/fuel ratio, spark timing, and the fraction of the exhaust recycled for emission control may not be properly matched.Engine jutThe major combustion chamber design objectives which relate to engine performance and emissions are Pg. 845-A fast combustion process, with low cycle-by-cycle variability, over the full operating engine rangeA high volumetric efficiency at wide open throttleMinimum heat loss to the combustion chamber wallsA low fuel octane requirement express burn process is more robust and results in the engine cosmos able to operate satisfactorily with a lot more EGR, or much leaner, without a deterioration in combustion quality. Faster burning chamber designs exhibit much less cycle variation, this permits better control of NOx w ithin the engine. This is achieved in a number of ways. twisting is used to speed up the combustion process in some spark-ignition engines. Swirl is defined as the organized rotation of the charge about the cylinder axis. Swirl is created by designing the intake system such that the flow enters the cylinder with an initial angular momentum. This is done in two ways, either the flow is discharged into the cylinder tangentially towards the cylinder wall. or intake?High volumetric efficiency is required to obtain the highest possible power density. trenchant vvalve open area, which depends on valve diameter and lift, directly affects volumetic efficiency. Swirl speeds up process and achieves greater combustion stability.Heat transfer to chamber walls has a major impact on efficiency.Blowdown amount of time/distance/degrees between exhaust port opening and the transfer port opening Muller. P, 2009, Muller Machine, http//www.muller.net/mullermachine/index.htmlThe blowdown process is s imilar to that of the RAM effect.It is necessary to open the exhaust valve before the piston reaches the bottom of the stroke, as this allows any excess pressure, pressure left over from the last cycle, to be released from cylinder. This ensures there will be no pressure acting against the piston on the compression stroke. Accurate exhaust valve timing is essential. At higher speeds, the valve will have to be opened sooner, whereas for lower speeds if the valve is opened to soon means pressure is lowered and losses are incurred.AutoWare, 1998, Valve Timing Performance, http//www.auto-ware.com/combust_bytes/valvetiming.htmlThe exhaust manifold operates at pressures significantly higher up atmospheric.Pollutants (pg.626, 570, CO-Pg. 593, summary Pg.618,)Theoretically, the combustion process of hydrocarbon fuels, such as petrol, completely oxidizes the fuel and the only by-products are carbon dioxide and water. However, under actual conditions this is rarely, if ever the case. The pr oducts of combustion from an internal combustion engine produce pollutants. This is due to the varied composition of the fuel for each cycle. Impurities in the fuel itself mean complete combustion is not possible. Poor control of the air-fuel ratio and variations in the combustions temperature also leave to the formation of pollutants. The main pollutants formed are sulfur oxides (SOx), nitride oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). These pollutants have detrimental health effects. The presence of a catalytic convertor reduces the amount of harmful emissions entering the atmosphere by changing the composition of the pollutants.One of the most important variables in determining spark-ignition engine emissions is the fuel/air equivalence ration. GRAPH OF EMISSIONSTo ensure smooth and dependable operation, SI engines are typically run close to stoichiometric, or slightly fuel-rich. From graph (ABOVE), lean mixtures give lower emissions until the quality beco mes poor and back-fire occurs.In a cold engine, fuel vaporization is slow, the fuel flow is increased to provide an easily combustible fuel-rich mixture in the cylinder. Until the engine warms up and the enrichment is removed, the CO and HC emissions are highOpenWAM Simulation SoftwareOpenWAM is a 1-dimensional gas-dynamics engine thermodynamic cycle simulation code. It was developed by the CMT- Motores Trmicos of the Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, Spain.openWAM clay sculpture is an important technique for the optimization of internal combustion engines (ICE). The use of tally models together with experimental tests is producing unquestionable successes due to the fact that both techniques co-occurrence each other.1D wave action models simplify the engine by means of ducts, where only one dimension is considered, and volumes where mass accumulation is considered and the gas properties are uniform in the entire element. Finally, non dimensional models are used to solve connect ions between 1D and 0D elements.Thanks to more than 20 years, more than 10 PhD dissertation and many research projects and publications, CMT-Motores Trmicos has developed an own 1D gas dynamic tool called WAM which gathers an important know-how on air management, compressible flow, turbocharging, chemical species tracking, numeral analysis and many other aspects of engine modelinghttp//www.cmt.upv.es/WAM_02_02.aspx1 dimensional modeling can reproduce the behavior of the engine under transient conditions when the injected fuel and the engine speed change during the simulation. For these applications, a heat transfer model is very important to take into account the heating process that the different parts of the engine undergoes during the transient.http//www.cmt.upv.es/img/WWam04.pnghttp//giantmaw.com/Photo%20Album/Image%20Library/Cars/BMW/MWerks%20Forums%20the%20BMW%20Engine%20FAQ_files/4981_832.jpg

SCOR At Wal Mart | Analysis

SCOR At Wal Mart AnalysisThe Supply Chain operations Reference Model, or SCOR, was introduced by the Supply Chain Council to provide all told companies a framework or tool they buns use to improve their come withs contribute stove internally and externally. It allows supply chain managers to analyze their incumbent situations as well as guide them to supply chain decisions for improvements and afterlife resolutions. A major strength of the SCOR model is that it back tooth be apply across industries and applied to a variety of different companies.There atomic number 18 five levels in the SCOR model. The first level, the adjoin types, includes plan, source, acquit, deliver, and return. These influence types describe the general scope and content of the SCOR model. The following levels further penetrate all(prenominal) of the process types to analyze their operations strategies, quantify and measure their processes, as well as provide tools for companies to develop new processes that will give their supply chain a competitive advantage as well as the magnate to effectively adapt to market changes.PLANThe first manikin of the supply chain according to the SCOR model is the process of planning. Planning is a important first step to set-up, manage, and organize the processes necessary for a flexible and economical supply chain. The planning phase consists of several processes such as command forecasting, harvest-time pricing, and pedigree focus.Wal-Mart utilizes a sophisticated algorithm to calculate their forecasts that allows the follow to forecast the exact quantities of for each one item to be delivered while taking into account each descents current chronicle. This is also possible because of Wal-Marts computerized inventory social structure that uses the Point of Sales (POS) system of rules. This not solo tracks all the companys inventory and line at retail stores and dissemination centers, it also monitors when products are sold and is capable to predict the future quantities indispensablenessed. It is this production scheduling and the ability to monitor inventory so closely that allowed Wal-Mart to accurately predict where, when and how oftentimes of a product will be needed and in turn develop a scattering ne cardinalrk that works hand in hand with these needs. This reduces their terms by reducing left everywhere inventory and optimizing the window pane of their products by delivering only exactly what is needed. Super retailer Wal-Mart has spent considerable resources to ascertain how crush to minimize transportation be. Efforts such as owning their own fleet, standardizing processes, and capitalizing on schooling engineering have resulted in transportation costs that are 3% of total costs versus the industry average of 5%. By analyzing how to racetrack costs in all aspects of their transportation, Wal-Mart was able to pass these savings onto consumers and stick out their always low price s strategy.SOURCEThe second phase of the supply chain, sourcing, focuses on the procurance of materials and resources. Choosing suppliers that best ensure the companys needs is the main part of this phase. deportee not only serves as a link between the company and its suppliers, but transportation providers are essentially a supplier in and of themselves as well. In this case as wal-mart is retailer it doesnt has to go for sourcing that is procurement of raw-material is not ask. The suppliers in this case will be the companies who are exchange their product through wal-mart retailers that areGrand ocean star (Supplier of sea food it takes 5 to 10 geezerhood after order)Procter Gamble Co (it takes lead time range of 8.5 to 14.0 days to deliver the food product) come nearGilletteHewlett-PackardJohnson JohnsonKimberly-ClarkKraft Foods Nestl Purina Pet CareUnileverMAKEThe third phase in the Supply Chain Operations Reference model is make, defined as the process that transforms a product to a finished state to meet planned or echt demand (Bolstorff Rosenbaum, 2003). There are deuce-ace parts to this phase which include product design, production scheduling and mental quickness centering.Wal-Mart exemplifies how the construction of a product affects transportation costs. Wal-Mart recently asked its 60,000 suppliers worldwide that by 2008 they decrease the amount of overall packaging they use by 5%. Wal-Mart believes this packaging proposal will save the company $3.4 billion. When Wal-Mart previously did this in 2005 with the packaging of its private clothing label, Kids Collection, the company saved $3.5 million in one year.By reducing the amount of packaging, Wal-Mart is not only bang-up costs, but they are reducing the weight and volume of their products. This increases the ability of their trucks to guard more per truckload, possibly even making less runs in a given day. Wal-Marts packaging decisions illustrate the direct impacts supply chain deci sions and transportation can have on each other.Wal-Mart had just over 40 distribution centers located around the United States. Stocked in these centers were over 80,000 items. 50% to 65% of Wal-Marts competitors directly supplied the inventory to their retailers from their warehouses, in comparison to Wal-Marts 85%. Wal-Mart replenished their stores on average within two days compared to the five days their competitors took. The shipping costs were approximately 2% less of total cost than competitors (Chandran, 2003). The location of a facility can cut transportation costs dramatically as shown by the Wal-Mart example.DELIVERThe fourth phase in the Supply Chain Operations Reference model is the delivery of the product. This phase is most associated with the role of transportation in the supply chain process as it is the most visibly connected. The delivery part of the process can be broken down into two different segments, order management and delivery scheduling. Transportation p lays a role in each in that processes that provide finished goods and services to meet planned or actual demand, typically include order management, transportation management and distribution managementWal-Mart has a private fleet of their own truck drivers and by sensibly integrating backward in their supply chain, they have needed to release efficient in documenting and tracking their products. To do this, Wal-Mart employees use hand held computers, a form of EDI systems, which contain information about the products storage, packaging and shipping and eliminates the need for actual paperwork saving them time. Because there is no third party, Wal-Mart must ego manage the ordering of their products with great accuracy.What makes Wal-Marts distribution process so efficient is that they use a logistics technique known as cross-docking .It breaks down the distribution of the products into five simple stages. The unique aspect of Wal-Marts system is that their drivers deliver the tru cks to their distribution centers at specific times and set intervals. Their entire distribution system is a consistent flow of goods adjusted to the individual needs of each retail store. Wal-Marts delivery system works so well because it is create in accordance with the demands of each store and the communication between each point allows the process to be effective.Wal-Mart believe that the widespread implementation of RFID technology marks a sea change in the supply chain, much as the introduction of bar codes was as seen as revolutionary two decades ago. But while bar codes can tell a retailer that it has two strokees of product XYZ, Wal-Marts EPCs can help distinguish one box of product XYZ from the next. This allows retailers greater visibility in monitoring product inventory from supplier to distribution centre to store.RETURNMost store items can be exchanged or refunded with a receipt within 90 days of purchase.Walmarts No Receipt policy applies to items returned in a sto re only. You have the option of a cash refund (for purchases under $25), a Gift Card for the amount of the purchase (for purchases over $25), a acknowledgement to your course credit card or an even exchange for the product. We can make up to three No Receipt returns within a 45 day period.All merchandise sold and shipped by Walmart.com may be returned to a store within 90 days of receiving it. If there is an phantasm on our part related to your order, we will issue a credit for your order and any applicable shipping and gift-wrapping charges.An item must be returned in the original manufacturers packaging, so we recommend you keep your packaging for at least the first 90 days after purchase.Plants, Food, and certain health and Beauty items To return perishable items, the following information is to be required and send to customer care link of wal-mart i.eOrder number for the itemDate of reachingCondition of item at time of arrivalDetailed explanation of the issue

BTVET in Uganda

BTVET in UgandaAN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF FACTORS touching ENROLMENT AND COMPLETION RATES IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING (BTVET) IN UGANDAIntroductionThis register attempts to conduct an investigation of the concomitantors affecting chronicle and end consecrate in go against of appearance the Business, Technical vocational pictureing and tuition (BTVET) intromissions in Uganda. The acquire covers a expiration of hug drug geezerhood ( in the midst of 1999 to 2009), ration exclusivelyy trenchant upon as it was during this time when the government Implemented major reforms in spite of appearance the direction placement of the orbit, as a ex tend of the culture go off electric charge (1989). It go away be noned that 1999 f onlys two eld gip of the actual time (1997) when the government utiliseed Universal Primary commandment (UPE) bighearted to quatern children of e very Ugandan family in the sylvan a step towards meeting instructional activity for tout ensemble (EFA) by the year 2012 as one of the Millennium emergence Goals (MDG) in the country. The discover takes place more than ten years down the disceptation since the inception of UPE and three years after Universal Secondary Education (USE) plans. Whilst umpteen primary domesticates ar gloss over struggling with the inflow of pupils who would oppositewise confound had no recover of getting a formal elementary statement if it were not for UPE and USE, this beginning seeks to investigate whether the implementation of these programmes has in any way do a difference to stacks attitudes towards program line in general and vocational procreation in particular. The study seeks to investigate the trend of entry and accomplishment in institutions of high learning and in particular those in the Business, Technical, Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) atomic number 18na during the time when Education For All (EFA) by the year 2012, has been on top of the agenda as one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for developing countries.The UPE programme took off amidst a barrage of puzzles including widespread state-supported criticism way bulgeing from the initially ridiculous procedure of typical UPE trains in the country. Among the problems that sworn this programme from the very start was the issue of congestion of the available classrooms. Be driving of the UPE programme many an(prenominal) inculcates composinged overwhelming enrolments leading to an influx of the hitherto non school going children. This became a ca consumption for concern as a result of the overstretched exist facilities at bottom schools. In spite of the inadequate conditions under which rough of the schools operated, and whilst somewhat schools were still lamenting the lack of space and inadequate facilities, it was ab go forth this time that the government made good its second promise regarding thaw genteelness and introduc ed the Universal Secondary Education, (USE) free for all. The programme, which started in 2007, was introduced in a similar way to UPE ten years earlier. Similar in a sense that the programme was ill prep bed for as it was started within the existing school infrastructure and with the same manpower. Three years down the line however, reports from the media and evince from schools seem to suggest that the USE programme has stickd increase pass judgment of enrolment in secondary schools by the year since it was started. It is the assumption of this spring that if these reforms in the cultivation sector have so far been a success story they could have a similar impact on peoples attitudes regarding commandment in general and vocational schooling in particular, and it is from the results of this study that this fact testament be fully formed. It is on this basis among other factors that this author is to conduct a study of the rates at which students move into and complete th eir courses paying particular attention to such factors as cause them to drop bulge and what to do about it.It is of the essence(predicate) to note at this point however that in as much as two primary and secondary education have been made universal on that point atomic number 18 still many children of school going age that argon not in school, leaving us with interrogative sentences demanding answers as to why this is so. at that place argon many children seen hanging about on streets whilst others resort to advance(prenominal) marriages and/or childhood labour. A lot of children who dont go to school are found in the villages which are the centimere of activity for most families who blend in on subsistence farming. Causes for this can be numerous, however let it suffice to hypothesize at this point that this smorgasbord of situation is at the centre of this studys investigation. Whereas thither is no legislation on school going age in the country universal education has so far not been made compulsory. This has not only given over some parents the freedom but as fountainhead has to a great intent contributed to keeping many children away from schools since in that respect is no accountability to any local authority for not move children to school. With so many children development up in an environment where a good part of the people either disregard the enormousness of education or considers it to be beyond their reach, it is important to investigate whether this carries any significance in toll of influence to the students who opt to stay put with education in institutions of higher(prenominal) learning. Whilst the tendency of dropping out of schools can be traced in all sectors of education in the country, it is important to investigate the rate at which it is happening. Since the government set up the Special Educational constitution Review Commission (1989), some of its results have been veryized in the government tweed paper on education, in addition to UPE and USE. There is need consequently to investigate encourage the reforms on educational programmes brought about as a result of the action of this commission and how these impact on enrolment and completion rates.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY1. To establish factors that influence students to bond institutions of higher learning.2. To investigate how the programmes on offer within the institutions of higher learning specially in the BTVET sector meet employment needs of girlish people3. The study leave seek to establish the trend of performance in the BTVET institutions by comparison the number of students that initially inscribe and the number that finish their two or three year courses, noting any disparities if any, over a period of ten years.4. A cross segment of school drop outs will be located and interviewed to establish reasons why they fai guide to complete their courses.5. A cross section of students in the final year of their courses wil l similarly be interviewed to establish factors that motivate them to complete their courses.6. To study and draw examples from developing countries as intimately as developed European countries for purposes of comparing and contrasting the BTVET situation on ground in Uganda. It is the view of this author that comparing and contrasting dodges will stand a wider perspective about how BTVET courses are taught elsewhere in relationship to what is on the ground.7. To conduct a review of the literature that explores education as practiced in the history of the African traditional ordering the context in which formal education can be appreciated and practiced for the benefit of communities (ref).8. To conduct a brief study of the up-to-date reforms within the British system of education as an example of a system that is constantly transforming in an attempt to match needs of newfangled people in a developed country. Political/Economic cathode-ray oscilloscope to the ProblemUganda is a land-locked country, which lies across the equator in the heart of Africa, covering 241,139 unbowed kilometers, 17% of which is water. Most of the country lies between 900-2000 meters above sea level, which makes it enthrall a large-scalely mild tropical climate with temperatures ranging between 17c and 28c with the average rainfall of about 1500 mm p.a. The same altitudinal variations enable Uganda grow a wide course of subsistence and cash crops for the country. With a population, which is now estimated to be 24.4 Million, Uganda has an one-year return rate of 3.3% and a density of 124 persons per square kilometer. Females constitute about 51.2% of the population accord to the 2002 theme Population and Housing Census.A decade after Uganda reach independence in 1962 a period of political instability was experienced, (1970-1979) which led to serious economic and political decline. During this period skilled manpower including a large number of professionals fled the c ountry seeking political and economic refuge. As a result of this most of the infrastructure for industries, education, transport and other answer sectors were hardly repaired or maintained with many consequently falling into decline. The countrys growth in all sectors including that of the vocational education and culture was adversely alter and the need for economic and social renewal both(prenominal) in terms of infrastructure as good as public attitudes towards education programmes was stronger than ever. Studies within the ministry of education and the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), indicate that this situation appears to have improved in the sometime(prenominal) twenty years during which time a lot of changes have been brought about by the shew regime.The present system of education in Uganda is patterned after the model of the British system of education genic after the country attained her political independence in 1962(ref). This system of education was origina lly designed to produce graduates with a bias towards secretarial and administrative jobs(i crusade). This is because the main purpose of education during the colonial days was to provide personnel for service to the colonial master (ref). The system had no dip towards unsophisticated ontogenesis although government policy emphasized transformation of the country side(ibid). The educational system continued to over-supply new-fashionedsters with purely academician persona of education while shortages of specialised practical prepare persisted. As a result of this trend when the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development conducted a check in 1997 it was revealed that there was an acute shortage of professionals and technicians in the manufacturing industry. The time elapsed since so calls for yet some other study to help find out the present state of affairs regarding the job grocery store in Uganda.Documentary evidence from the ministry of education and sports seems to suggest that enrolment in institutions of technological and higher education does not correspond to the countrys manpower needs. Moreover, earlier research within the ministry has shown that the enrolment mechanism used is one where each institution has an enrolment train set depending on the previous years enrolment as well as available resources and cultivation capacity of the institution(ref). In setting targets, there is no evidence to suggest that the government gives priority to the countrys job market needs or to the needs of the young people in a particular geographical area. Most of the institutions whether government or private practically attract students nationwide regardless of geographical boundaries, who apply for admission to the already established courses. Admission to these courses is on merit and certain courses are highly competitive. A comprehensive study of Ugandas National Manpower which was carried out in 1988 by the Ministry of Education and Sports re vealed that countrywide, there were at that time 21 vocational schools, 77 adept schools and institutes and 37 business schools and institutes with a total annual output of about 5000. Of the total number of institutions, 5 vocational centres, 52 adept schools and institutes were government-aided. The survey in any case revealed that from 1983 to 1987 (inclusive), vocational schools receive 3795 technical foul institutions graduated 6011 while commercial institutions graduated 11,831. The survey showed that the manufacturing sector alone employed 3.6 per cent of the administrative, managerial and professionals enumerated 6.6 per cent of the technicians and associate professional personnel and 12.7 per cent of the skilled workers. It was projected that the number of 5000 artisans, technicians and craftsmen who were at the time produced by Ugandan institutions would hardly satisfy the demand by the rescue especially during the period of rehabilitation and reconstruction programm es to be under taken under the new regime.Despite the fact that vocational education and training institutions are supposed to produce graduates whose skills will be readily utilised in the job market, it has been observed that there are many graduates of the vocational sector that suffer from joblessness. As to whether this is a result of students taking the wrong courses, or whether it is the inadequacy of the infrastructure within the industrial economy making it unable to force all graduates, is a fact yet to be established. On the matter of joblessness however, Dewey (1998) asserts that education serves a far greater purpose, suggesting that it is a means by which members of the society write their own identity and values. Nevertheless, this problem of joblessness and economic backwardness resulting from systems of education which produce unemployable graduates remains a subject of investigation. Hence the necessity of this study to investigate and analyse all factors underly ing the enrolment and completion rates within the very institutions concerned with the supply of manpower for the industrial economy of the country.Study questionsIn some of the rural areas of Uganda, TVET has in the past been generally considered as a cabin class education in both the perceptions and expectations of pupils and parents. also low prestige is attached to technical training as it is often associated with crumpleure to achieve higher academic aspirations. This suspicion of a second-class education supposedly leads some parents to opt for a general type of education that is likely to help improve quality of everyday life-time by providing rag to white collar employment for their sons and daughters. It is one of the aims of this study to investigate whether the attitude of both parents and their children has had any effect on the enrolment and completion rates in TVET institutions. A review of the Uganda Education Policy Review Report (1989) reveals an observation ma de regarding Ugandas educational curriculum of the deeply 80s, as outdated and irrelevant to the needs of the economy. Among other things it was recommended that the curriculum be revised and updated for it to suit the countrys needs. With over two decades down the line since the system of this review commission there is a need to investigate whether this passport was ever put into effect, and to establish whether there is a difference between the present provision of educational programmes and those of twenty years ago.The study indeed seeks to find answers to the following questionsa) What are the factors affecting the rates of enrolments into VET programmes. b) What are the factors affecting completion rates in TVET institutions.c) What is the trend of enrolment in relationship to completion rates in the BTVET institutions over the past ten years?Focus of the Study From the Uganda Bureau of statistics (2002) we find that the rural population represents 70 pct of the worlds sc ummy and 72 percent of the population of the to the lowest degree developed countries. Many African governments are doing their best to harness development through and through with(predicate) urbanisation and education of masses in a bid to uplift the populations standards of bread and butter. However, despite the urbanization, the situation of poverty and underdevelopment is likely to stay with us for the foreseeable future. The present campaign to make poverty history in the developing countries might yield no results and poverty will continue to exist for as long as the worlds rural populations remain living in such conditions such as those that exist today. While African countries are likely to benefit from the global fight to try and hang in making poverty history, the real solution is not in the provision of the fish, but in teaching the African young people the fishing techniques (ref). In this respect, education which is the plow by which people learn and acquire skil ls (ref) need to focus on imparting the right large-hearted of skills, those which will promote a holistic type of education. Likewise, the governments policies and resources need to be redirected to providing a type of education that will produce the skills of a kind that the country needs for its social and economic development. Studies by the World rim reveal that in Africa today vocational skills are specially important at an early stage in the education of an individual because helping such as wars and pestilences have made many a young person become the sole provider for the family. For this reason among others, this study will focus on the young people and the factors that have in the past ten years influenced their enrolments, drop outs and those that motivated completion in motley courses offered in the BTVET institutions.A review of the Literature on Ugandas current Education systemAccording to the Uganda National computer programme, formal education in Uganda takes septet years at the primary level, followed by four to six years for both O and A level. Students completing this level join the technical schools which take three years at the lower level and 2 years at the advanced level. As would be the case in many countries the choice to join a technical school at the lower primary school level is not a very popular one as to many it would reflect academic failure, and to some a poor economic background. Another considerable factor is the poor output for those joining at this level, as it gives poor yields both in skill and standards of living. Grubb, (1995) emphasizes this fact by asserting that the training programmes for the low educate and less skilled have in the past not been particularly successful in getting them jobs and higher incomes. There have been in the past great opportunities for O level leavers to join the Primary Teachers Colleges (PTC), this is also reducing as the demand for standards in institutions becomes higher and hi gher in the country. Those who join A level eventually join either university or an institute of higher learning such as a National Teachers College (NTC), and possibly a technical/vocational college or farm school. The Uganda Vocational Curriculum is represented in an overlapping three-tier system with level one, the armorer level offered by technical schools as the lowest. This level is for the primary school leavers who for various reasons could not make it to secondary schools. Such students go to technical schools for three-year full time courses leading to the award of Uganda Junior Technical certification (UJTC) in courses such as Carpentry and Joinery, Block laying and cover Practice, Tailoring, and Agriculture. Level two is also known as the Technician level offered through technical colleges and Uganda Polytechnic normally admits O level with high passes in Science and Mathematics and in certain cases A level graduates not absorbed into university. These technical Insti tutes offer two-year full time courses in various vocational courses such as Carpentry and Joinery, Mechanics, Plumbing, etc. referable to rising academic standards however, many students who would benefit from these courses are kept out as a result of high pass grades in Mathematics, natural philosophy and English at Olevel.Level three, the graduate engineer level is offered through Universities, Technical Colleges and the Uganda Polytechnics. These recruit A level graduates who passed examinations in Physics and Mathematics. Courses are of a two-year duration leading to the award of ordinary sheepskin in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering among others. Graduate level engineers are currently trained only at Makerere University. However, according to a report by Wirak, et al, (2003), the Uganda Polytechnic Kyambogo aspiring for university status, in 2001/2002 academic year through a merger with the Institute of Teacher Education Kyambogo (ITEK) sought to emanation into a degree awarding institution known as Kyambogo University. In addition to Makerere University this institution might also be in built in bed to offer similar degree programmes in engineering. Vocational training on the other hand, is offered through the Directorate of industrial Training with various Centres and programmes within the country. The directorate is responsible for industrial training, apprenticeship training, trade testing and certification and skills up-grading. Ugandas Education CurriculumThe National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) a personify responsible for reviewing the needs and formulating the curriculum was set up in 1973, (Bennell Sayed, 2002). This be has revised the curriculum and attempts made to implement it, covering a take off of subjects at primary and secondary school levels. In spite of all the efforts towards formulating a practically oriented curriculum however, it is worth noting that the curriculum is still academically rigorous and ir relevant to the economical and industrial needs of the country. Reasons for this could be attributed to the inherent biasness within the education system where general education programmes are treated with higher priority and given preference by both parents and students over vocational education programmes. Past experience has shown that many school leavers do not have the skills needed by the employers in spite of successful completion of their general education courses. It is also evident that the Uganda Curriculum seems to promote the traditional trend of a high demand for an academic education which is the basis for white-collar employment notwithstanding the needs for the countrys growing mixed economy. According to Bennell Sayed, (2002) Uganda has been one of leading Sub-Sahara African countries to implement varied economic and social reforms to achieve sustainable growth. And it is for this reason that the country has in the recent past been mentioned as a success story for the African continent by several(prenominal) UNESCO and World depone reports (UNESCO, 2001). Progress is particularly prominent in primary education due to the decision taken in 1996 to implement universal primary education free to four children in every family. This removed what had been an important economic impediment for families to enroll and maintain their children at school. According to a ministerial report (Bitamazire, 2005) by 2001, about 65 percent of the total education budget was give to primary education and the gross enrolment ratio for this level increased from about 75 percent in 1995 to about 135 percent in 2002, (ibid). Late 2005, the prospect of Universal Secondary Education (USE) was announced, (Newvision, Nov. 2005). It was predicted that the shunning would benefit an estimated 300,000 pioneers to the programme. This number would comprise of pupils who sat for Primary Leaving Examinations in 2005 and those who completed Primary 7 under Universal Primary Edu cation (UPE) in 2004 and 2003 but were unable to continue due to lack of finances for school fees, (ibid). The successful implementation of this programme would make Uganda the first country in Africa to introduce universal and free secondary education, (ibid). According to UNESCO, (2005) by the year 2004, only a fifth (20%) of the because Ugandas population of 25 million had a see to enroll for secondary education, and the beneficiaries were mainly from the higher income groups and urban families. The new USE scheme would aim at enhancing access to secondary education, particularly for low-income groups and children from rural families.As one of the ways of move towards the millennium development goals, (MDG), Vocational Education and Training is of particular importance in todays globalized, information and knowledge-based economy. In order for any society to successfully integrate its young people and have them benefit from the economy a well-educated workforce is inevitable ( Bennell Sayed, 2002). In Ugandas predominantly rural economies where many primary school leavers do not have any find of further formal education, a vocational training is most needed. With the knowledgeableness of USE the problem of unemployment will probably be exacerbated by an influx of unemployable and unskilled school leavers into the job market. By solving the problem of secondary school accessibility for many rural young people, the process of universal and free secondary education will be creating another one as the rural communities will be filled with forestall school leavers who will not be able to cope with the rural lifestyles, and yet do not have the capacity to live the desired urban lifestyles due to lack of employable skills.TVET and Industrial TrainingIndustrial training is an integral part of all the courses in technical/vocational education, in each of the technical and vocational education and training institutions, including university. In Uganda students would spend a minimum of three months each year on job placement, while doing the practical training. During this time they are supervised by the industry and would normally be visited by their lecturers to assess and discuss their training and progress in their programs. Other forms of training involve field trips, regional workshops, study tours and seminars organized by the various training institutions. It is usually through such workshops and seminars that vocational students are made aware of and given the chance to discuss the experiences and opportunities provided by the world of work. According to Lugujjo, (1998) such seminars were by then limited and depended on different training institutions and their ability to finance them (the seminars). Lugujjo, (1998) further asserted that the government of Uganda ought to have adopted a coherent policy with financial provision to link technical and vocational education and training to industry in order to produce proficient worker s and make education more responsive to the social and economic requirements of the country. This study also investigates to what extent the Ugandan policy has supported the link between the training institutions and the real world of work (or the industry).Challenges facing the Vocational sectorThe structure of Ugandas education system appears to be well organized and appealing to the needs of all levels of students including those with the lowest level of formal education. Yet promising as it appears, the system still faces numerous problems and as a result it yields limited and arguable outputs as its would-be beneficiaries turn out to be its very critics. As the case would be in most countries the Uganda government as well as the general public see TVET as expensive, and difficult to implement due to the high costs of infrastructure, provision of machinery and equipment, and well trained ply to handle the programme, (Kasozi, 2005). Besides it also carries with it the stigma of being patronized by intellectually inferior students and associated with non-prestigious blue-collar employment. After completing primary school, a child who failed to go to secondary school would join a technical school. Similarly, a child who failed to go to university would have a vocational institution as a utmost alternative to keep him in school. In the past the situation was made worse by the fact that technical and vocational education had no vertical mobility and access to higher education, (ibid). This was increase by lack of adequate facilities and infrastructure in some vocational institutions resulting in the fact that many of the students completing technical/vocational courses in such institutions were ill equipped for both industry and self-employment. For some young people this constituted a reason for choosing rather to stay at home than join a technical school as it was not worth the expensive effort. For others, the feeling that a technical school was the las t alternative for those students who could not make it to the next stage caused a abhor for the system. For many young people however, VET seems to be the best option as evidence from the numerous promiscuous sector (Jua Kali) workshops in Nairobi, Kenya seems to suggest. When given the opportunity and the right environment, many of these academically downgraded students often turn out to be among the most successful craftsmen and entrepreneurs of the country after putting to use the practical skills gained from technical and vocational institutions.Numerous examples of these are seen in the informal sector workshops in the country. Most of the informal sector in the sub-Saharan Africa is dominated by craftsmen who never saw the inside of a university classroom. Handelman, (1996) pointed out that many of the low-income workers in developing countries who find jobs, will under indulgent conditions achieve upward mobility. He cites an example in Owens, (1991235) who carried out a s tudy of West Bengals industrial city of Howrah, where he found that several hundred men who started with almost nothing now own factories large enough to employ twenty five or more workers, placing them among the richest people of the community. (Handelman, 1996, pp.135-136). This example further demonstrates the fact that the acquisition of technical skills leading to industrial success does not have to depend only on ones performance in general education.a) Accessibility to Vocational EducationA survey of the socio-economic needs of local communities in Uganda done by the World Bank (2002) reveal that it is the wish of most school going children and their parents that they pursue their education to the highest level and attain a university degree. However this would not be feasible given the variable capabilities ranging from academic to social and economic demands. As a result a lot of students are forced to look up to other institutions of higher learning other than the Univers ities. This is necessary so that all students can be catered for even if they may not have academic requirements or the financial means to acquire a University education. Another factor to consider is that state universities do not have the capacity to absorb all applicants with minimum entry requirements. As a result many join private universities, vocational/technical institutions and other institutions of higher learning. The question however still to be discussed later in this study is what motivates students to join the institutions of higher learning, and particularly those in the Business, Technical or Vocational training sector?Studies by UNEVOC and UNESCO have established that some parents have a accepted technical and vocational education as a executable alternative for their children. This is the trend the present government seems to be following as in the process of introducing USE, there are plans to follow it up with free vocational education, (New Vision, March 29th 2006).b) Aims and objectives of TVET in UgandaThe ministry of education, listed among others the following as priorities for education of a rural community listed among other priorities in the education for a rural community the following aims and objectives of technical and vocational education in UgandaTo stimulate the technical growth of students in order to make them successful members of the community and to produce craftsmen, technicians and other skilled manpower to meet the demands of industry, agriculture, art and the general labour force. The Uganda Education Sector Investment Plan, (ESIP, 1998-2003),The ministry also established that one of the biggest limiting factors to access entry to technical schools was the students poor academic performance in Mathematics and Science causing them to fail getting acceptance to the tech

Theories for Optimistic Personality Traits: A Reflection

Theories for affirmative Personality Traits A ReflectionEunice Khong Ee ThianQuestion 2(a)I am an optimistic mortal. Optimism is an individual variable. It embodies the extent to which individuals hold reason expectancies for their future. Persons with high level of optimism generate better subjective well-being when lining adversity. Researches as well pointed that optimism has been associated to higher levels of engagement coping and lower level of vacateance. Optimism likewise linked with health-protective ways (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010).I invariably think that there argon constantly favourable social occasion waiting for me ahead. I always look thing in the bright side. No doubt that disappointments and sadness provide run a risk sometimes but I prefer to face ch in allenges and gruellingies positively and believe all the problems basin be solved one(a) day preferably blamed on the problems and others. I always find ways and control actions to solve problems quite a than avoid set about them. For instance, during exam, I believe myself can do well in the papers instead of failing them. As optimism also highly associated with resilience which is bouncing back power when veneer adversity, I found that the intensity of my optimistic appearance is high and this pencil lead me to take a shit high level of resilience because I do non easily bow to difficul neckties.(b)I obtain born in a positive family environment. My p arents are also very optimistic. No matter how difficult the situations were, they always showed me and taught me to face adversity positively when I small until now. I am the only child in my family no doubt my parents will put the most care and attention on me. However, they do non too pamper me. They like my friends and let me make my own decisions. They jimmy my decisions and also will give me suggestions when Im making decisions as some guidelines for me. The respect that they gave me made me seduce con fident to face all the challenges positively. As an example, they let me to choose the course that I want to find out and which university I want to go to further my study. They do not confine my freedom but encourage me to pursue my own dreams. Thus, my optimistic demeanor has to thank for my parents as they made me have the courage to enrich my life. anyways that, the environment I join is supportive. I like to join with persons who have positive thinking because they make me feel supple, fresh and energetic. When in school, I prefer to join friends with positive expressions. The supports and encouragements that they gave me also is one of the reasons that made me have optimistic behavior. For instance, I have a group of friends who I apply to organize events with them in secondary school. I enjoyed the moment when we organized events because no matter how tired we were, we will support distributively other to crossways the difficulties together happily but not blame on e ach other. This also influenced me to be optimistic.(c)Biopsychosocial model integrates biological, psychological and sociocultural factors for explaining a behavior. Optimistic behavior can affect a person biologically. Plenty of researches forecast out that optimists have higher survival rate from illness than pessimists. Optimists list to have better somatogenic health and mental health correspond to pessimists. This may because of optimists have great persistent goal pursuit and active coping with latent hostilityors while confronting adversity (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). harmonize to the study of Schou, Ekeberg, Ruland (2005), optimists have greater fighting spirit when facing illness whence they may have better quality of life compare to pessimists (as cited in Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). I have skin allergies since I am 9 years old. It is very fretful and irritated when it started. Optimistic behavior braces me up to fight with this disease bravely as I realized that I should not tie by this issue since I have other much square things are waiting for me to complete rather than always depress on this disease. I feel more relax and less burden when I started to view the disease from the bright side.Besides that, optimistic behavior also helps in coping stress. Individuals with optimistic behavior can cope with stress better and less depresses and has less adverse impact on their physical health (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). For instance, optimistic behavior helps me to survive through many exams. Exams are stressful event. I can cope with the stress during exams with optimistic behavior much(prenominal) as l get to relax instead of nervously draw for exams.Optimistic behavior also will affect a person psychologically. People will have different feelings and reactions when encountering problems such as enthusiasm or anxiety. How a person feels is related to the differences level of optimism. Optimists expect good ou tcomes while pessimists expect bad outcomes (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). This will influence a person attitude and behavior. Optimists will have positive attitude and behavior such as hopeful, helpful, enthusiasm and persistent. However, pessimists will have negative attitude and behavior such as hopelessness, easily give up and fragile. Optimistic behavior has help me a lots in shaping me to become positive. According to my friends, I am the kind of happy-go-lucky and cheerful person. This behavior has helped me earn a lot of precious friendships.Furthermore, according to the study of Sdberg Ness and Segerstrom (2006), optimists are using various types of coping strategies in confronting adversity such as problem- focused coping and engagement coping to solve problems. However, pessimists are always using avoidance coping and disengagement coping while facing challenges (as cited in Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). Optimists always learn how to solve problems while pe ssismists always avoid to face problems and prefer to stay in their comfort zone. For example, me and my parents tried a lot of ways to cure my allergies problem rather than doing nothing and go forward on depress.From sociocultural perspective, optimistic behavior is associated with the social environment and civilization around an individual. Optimists have better social connections and easier be reliable by others than pessismists as people like someone who express positive thinkings rather than negative expectations (Carver, Scheier, Segerstrom, 2010). Optimists gain more social support from the surrounding. I accepted by my frirends as I always express positive thinkings and feelings to them hence I gain supports from them.Culture will also influence a persons behavior, believe and thought. Individuals who in a culture which good of negative thoughts, anxiey and sadess are easily become pessimists. In the other hand, if a culture always promote positve, enthusiasm and hope ful atmosphere, individuals are more optimistic. For instance, in my family culture, my parents always encourage me to view thing from the positive side. Therefore, I learn to be optimistic after be edified by my parents.In conclusion, my optimistic behavior is not caused by only one factor. Parents, peers and the people surroundings play an important role in helping me to build optimistic behavior. Hence, people should work together and take in every aspect such as biological, psychological and sociocultural factors as consideration in building children positive characteristics.ReferencesCarver, C., Scheier, M., Segerstrom, S. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 879-889.